seti_1
Kardashev classification
During 1964, Nikolai Kardashev proposed a threefold categorization of extraterrestrial cilivizations in terms of the power levels that could utilise in his article “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations”.

 

 

 

Sections below

1. Web Resources

2. Book References

3. Other material

 

Web Resources

There is a rapid turnover of UFO material on the Internet. Many links to material on UFO websites quickly become out of date. Therefore, instead of giving many links to specific webpages I have instead included below a search box which can be used to search various leading UFO websites at the same time. You can then click on tabs at the top of the search results to list only results from forums, only results from websites I have labelled as "skeptical" etc. I have included tabs for a couple of specific websites that I find particularly useful, including the valuable archives of the UFO UpDates email discussion List. The relevant websites are all listed in the discussion of the "UFO Searchillion" search engine in Section 2.4 of the "Free UFO Researcher Starter Pack" and continues to evolve...

 

The relevant search box is one of the two main tools on this website which are intended to help reduce the amount of reinvention of the wheel within UFOlogy. The other main tool is the collection of tables of references to discussion of UFO incidents, personalities and other matters in various books. Those tables can be sorted by author, length and date. I hope these tools are useful.

 

 

 

Book References

Complete text of article reprinted in “The Quest For Extraterrestrial Life : A Book of Readings” (1980) (edited by Donald Goldsmith) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 136-139 (in Chapter 28) of the University Science Books hardback edition.

The table below includes references to relevant discussions in UFO/SETI books noted by Isaac Koi during a review of approximately 963 UFO/SETI books during the period 2003-2006 (with a few later additions). The table can be sorted by author, date and length of discussion by clicking on the relevant word in the top line of the table.

Many of the tables of references on this website are considerably longer than the references to books found on most other UFO websites. Indeed, some are probably the longest that have been collated in relation to some events and personalities. Together with the "UFO Searchillion" search box, I hope that these tables are found to be a useful contribution to UFOlogy.

For discussion of Kardashev’s classification see the following:

 

Year

Discussion by:

 

No. of Pages

1985

Angelo, Joseph A in his “The Extraterrestrial Encyclopedia: Man’s Search for Life in Outer Space” (1985) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 43-46 (in the entry entitled “extraterrestrial civilizations”), 77 (in the entry entitled “Kardashev civilizations”) of the revised 1991 Fact on File hardback edition.

4

1979

Asimov, Isaac in his “Extraterrestrial Civilizations” (1979) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 249-250 (in Chapter 13) of the Crown hardback edition, at pages 281-283 of the Pan paperback edition.

2

1987

Baird, John C in his “The Inner Limits of Outer Space” (1987) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 57 (in Chapter 4) of the Dartmouth hardback edition.

1

2001

Baxter, Stephen in his “Deep Future” (2001) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 172-173 (in Chapter 21) of the Gollancz paperback edition.

2

2003

Benjamin, Marina in her “Rocket Dreams” (2003) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 227-228 (in Chapter 6) of the Chatto & Windus hardback edition.

2

1974

Berry, Adrian in his “The Next Ten Thousand Years” (1974) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 27 (in Chapter 1), 153-154 (in Chapter 12) of the Coronet paperback edition.

3

1990

Bracewell, Ronald N in an interview in David W Swift’s “SETI Pioneers : Scientists Talk About Their Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence” (1990) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 159 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “Ronald N Bracewell”) of the Arizona hardback edition.

1

1999

Clark, Andrew J H and Clark, David H in their “Aliens“ (1999) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 68-69 (in Chapter 2), 228 (in Chapter 7) of the Fromm hardback edition.

3

2000

Clark, Stuart in his “Life on Other Worlds and How to Find It” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 150-151 (in Chapter 11) of the Springer hardback edition.

2

1999

Coomer, David in his “The UFO Investigator’s Guide” (1999) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 72-73 (in Chapter 5) of the Blandford softback edition.

2

2000

Darling, David in his “The Extraterrestrial Encyclopedia” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 222-223 (in the entry entitled “Kardashev civilizations”), 223 (in the entry entitled “Kardashev, Nikolai S (1932- )” of the Three Rivers softcover edition.

3

2003

Darling, David in his online encyclopedia, “The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight” (2003) in the entry entitled “Kardashev Civilizations” and the entry entitled “Kardashev, Nikolai Semenovich (1932- )”. The relevant entries are available online at:

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashevciv.html

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/K/Kardashev.html

1

1998

Dick, Steven J in his “Life on Other Worlds“ (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 214 (in Chapter 7) of the Cambridge hardback edition.

1

1996

Dick, Steven J in his “The Biological Universe” (1996) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 435-436 (in Chapter 8) of the Cambridge hardback edition.

2

1991

Drake, Frank and Dava Sobel in their “Is Anyone Out There?“ (1991) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 101-102 (in Chapter 5) of the Pocket Books paperback edition.

2

1979

Dyson, Freeman in his “Disturbing the Universe” (1979) at pages 212-217 (in Chapter 19) of the Harper & Row hardback edition.

6

1998

Fitzgerald, Randall in his “The Cosmic Test Tube” (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 339 (in Section 5) of the Moonlake Media softcover edition.

1

2008

Friedman, Stanton in his “Flying Saucers and Science : A Scientist Investigates the Mysteries of UFOs” (2008) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 97-98 (in Chapter 3) of the New Page softcover edition.

2

1980

Goldsmith, Donald and Owen, Tobias in their “The Search for Life in the Universe” (1980) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 362-363 (in Chapter 18) of the Benjamin Cummings softcover edition, at pages 426-428 (in Chapter 17) of the 1992 Addison Wesley softcover revised second edition.

2

1982

Gott, J Richard in “Extraterrestrials: Where are they?” (1982) (edited by Michael Hart and Ben Zuckerman) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 180 (in Chapter 19) of the Cambridge softcover second edition.

1

1997

Harrison, Albert A in his “After Contact: The Human Response to Extraterrestrial Life” (1997) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 161-163 (in Chapter 6) of the Plenum Trade hardback edition.

3

1995

Heidmann, Jean in his “Extraterrestrial Intelligence” (1995) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 108-110 (in Chapter 5) of the Cambridge hardback edition.

3

1995

Heidmann, Jean in his “Life in the Universe" (1995) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 92-93 (in Chapter 8) of the Cambridge softcover edition.

2

1990

Horowitz, Paul in an interview in David W Swift’s “SETI Pioneers : Scientists Talk About Their Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence” (1990) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 410 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “Paul Horowitz”) of the Arizona hardback edition.

1

1990

Kardashev, Nikolai S in an interview in David W Swift’s “SETI Pioneers : Scientists Talk About Their Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence” (1990) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 191 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “Nikolai S Kardashev”) of the Arizona hardback edition.

1

2000

Koerner, David & LeVay, Simon in their “Here Be Dragons” (2000) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 173 (in Chapter 7) of the Oxford softcover edition.

1

2001

Lamb, David in his “The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence : A Philosophical Inquiry” (2001) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 182-185, 190 (in Chapter 7) of the Routledge softcover edition.

5

1995

Marvels and Mysteries (Editors Of) in “Marvels and Mysteries: Aliens” (1995) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 40-41 of the Parrallel softcover edition.

2

1971

Oliver, Bernard and Billingham, John et al in “Project Cyclops: A Design Study of a System for Detecting Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life : NASA Contractor Report 114445 (“NASA CR 114445”)” (1971) (edited by Oliver, Bernard and Billingham, John) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 177-178, 180 (in Appendix B) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration softcover edition.

3

1998

Parker, Barry in his “Alien Life” (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 171-172 (in Chapter 10) of the Plenum Trade hardback edition.

2

1999

Poundstone, William in his “Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos” (1999) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 151-152 (in the chapter entitled “Ithaca 1968-76”) of the Owl Books softcover edition.

2

1975

Ridpath, Ian in his “Worlds Beyond” (1975) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 29 (in Chapter 1) of the Wildwood House softcover edition.

1

1973

Roulet, Alfred in his “The Search for Intelligent Life in Outer Space” (1973) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 43-45 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “Hello, Out There”), 120 (in the unnumbered chapter entitled “The Odds on Life in Space”) of the Berkley paperback edition.

4

1974

Sagan, Carl in “Interstellar Communication : Scientific Perspectives” (1974) (edited by Cyril Ponnamperuma and A G W Cameron) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 19-22 (in Chapter 1) of the Houghton Mifflin softcover edition.

4

1973

Sagan, Carl in his “The Cosmic Connection” (1973) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 233-234, 238 (in Chapter 34) of the Double Day hardcover edition, with the same page numbering in the Coronet softcover edition.

3

1966

Shklovskii, Iosef Shmuelovich and Sagan, Carl in their “Intelligent Life in the Universe” (1966) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 394 (in Chapter 27), 476-478 (in Chapter 34) of the Picador softcover edition.

4

1991

Shklovskii, Iosif in his “Five Billion Vodka Bottles to the Moon” (1991) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 253 (in Chapter 24) of the Norton hardback edition.

1

1975

Stern, Donald K in “Cultures beyond the Earth : The Role of Anthropology in Outer Space” (1975) (edited by Magoroh Maruyama and Arthur Harkins) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 40-41 (in Chapter 2) of the Vintage paperback edition.

2

1974

Stoneley, Jack and Lawton, A T in their “Is Anyone Out There?” (1974) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 194-195 (in Chapter 11) of the Star Books paperback edition.

2

1964

Sullivan, Walter in his “We Are Not Alone” (1964) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at page 223 (in Chapter 15) of the Signet paperback revised editions.

1

2002

Webb, Stephen in his “Where is Everybody?: Fifty Solutions to the Fermi Paradox” (2002) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 2 (in Chapter 1), 53-54 (in Chapter 2) of the Copernicus hardback edition.

3

1990

White, Frank in his “The SETI Factor” (1990) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 54-56 (in Chapter 5) of the Walker hardback edition.

3

1998

White, Michael in his “Life Out There” (1998) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages 99-100 (in Chapter 5) of the Little, Brown & Co hardback edition.

2

1999

Zubrin, Robert in his “Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization” (1999) (available on Amazon USA and on Amazon UK) at pages x, xii-xiii (in the Introduction), 188-189 (in Chapter 9), 272-273 (in Chapter 11), 280 (in Chapter 12) of the Tarcher Putnam hardback edition.

8

 

Other Material

Kardashev, Nikolai S. "Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations," Soviet Astronomy, Volume 8, page 217 (1964).

Please use the comments section below to share references to any particularly interesting relevant articles.